Out of Africa

125,000yrs ago- humans move out of Sahara northeast direction through the Sinai desert (climate differences made the area lush and possible to pass through)

100,000yrs ago- 10 human burial remains in Israel (belief in afterlife)

90,000yrs ago- area returns to desert and life once again became impossible

70,000yrs ago- tools found on a site in Yemen(back then it was a fertile plain); 2nd successful crossing

42,000yrs old- beads found in Turkey

40,000yrs ago- last iceage-> tools(oldest bone needle) found in Siberia and in Romania (they travelled via the river Danube: 10% of all Europeans can trace their genetic lineage to one female individual)

20,000yrs ago- footprints found in Australia

14,000yrs ago- first North American people came from the Siberian tribes (similar facial features and dwelling designs) and they moved in across Alaska as a corridor through the ice appeared in the past (their origin stories tell of ice crossings). They hunted woolly mammoths (clovis points have been found in woolly mammoth skeletons).

13,000yrs ago- first South America people's tools were found in Amazon basin. In Chile, remains of a hut was found with footprints, remains of game (Mastadon) and potato skins.

*people moved along the Pacific coast from the North to South Americas.

Our Newtonian concept of space is limited

1) Space is not inactive. It is an active actor which is interwoven with time and dictates how things move. Gravity is the shape of space-time itself, almost like a rubber sheet and has curvature. It has been tested and proven true with an orbiting gyroscope called "Gravity Probe B" around the earth as its axis shifted as predicted by Einstein's theory.
2) Space is relative. It acts with time in corresponding fluctuation to keep the speed of light constant. Because no matter how fast you travel, you will find that the speed of light is constant.

3) Space is not empty. At the quantum mechanics level, particles are constantly popping in and out of existence and annihilate each other. It also contains the Higgs field with which accords particles thier mass. This is be tested in the Hadron collider.

4) Space is expanding. This is because of dark energy. 70% of the weight of the entire universe is dark energy. Dark energy could continue to pull the universe further and further apart such that the universe would become cold, dark and lonely. The expanding pull of dark energy could also tear apart everything within the universe from stars to planets to matter of all kind.

Proto-animals

560 million years ago: “Proto-animals” were the first multi-cellular organisms. Proto-animals looked like plants. It had soft cell walls and absorbed its nutrients directly through its large surface area without ths and guts. However, their simple and effective fractal cellular division meant that they could not adapt and thus failed.

100 million years later, animals started to move and they had modern body arrangements. They reproduced (550 million) and this enabled adaptation through genetic variation. Soon some animals developed predatory mouths and hunters in the oceans (for the first time) had enormous evolutionary consequences.

Sub-atomic beauty

Matter is made of electrons, protons and neutrons.

Protons and neutrons are made of quarks which are conceptualised as strings vibrating at different harmonic patterns to produce different kinds of protons and neutrons.

These harmonic vibration patterns are expected to be found in particle accelerators which collide protons at speeds nearing the speed of light. They photograph the sub-atomic particles which are released upon collisions of protons.

Intelligience in slime mould?!

In 2000, Japanese scientist Toshiyuki Nakagaki discovered that slime mould could organise itself into the most efficient possible shape in a maze (constructed on a plate of agar) and grow pseudopodia (tube-like structures) in order to get to two sources of food on either side of the maze. Mind-fucking stuff!

On Hominin evolution and technological progression

We begin with technological progression. Bipedalism allowed early hominin to carry an object to maintain a physical distance between them and predators. This had more survival value than fearsome canine teeth or great speed of foot.

2.5ma ago, Hominins then discovered the use of stone tools. This allowed Hominins the ability to engage in large animal scavenging.

2ma ago, the toolmakers begun to hunt prime adult animals. After trotting after animals for a sustained period of time, hominins could then tire it out and eventually earn themselves a meal. This was accompanied with a marked increase in brain size.

1.5ma ago, the hand axe was invented. 200,000-300,000 years ago, modern levels of brain size had been reached.

Fire was also controlled and projectile points could be hardened. This also allowed for hominins (physiologically tropical) to move to cold regions and they also started using animal skins for clothing. Fire also allowed for cooking. Cooked food requires less chewing and this converted middle-Pleistocene faces into its 'modern' form slowly over time.

String-based techniques for game acquisition meant that it was no longer essential to have the levels of muscular and skeletal robustness of previous hominin forms. String-based techniques also gave hominins the ability to catch more game much easier.

A cute animation about Hilbert's hotel